While driving:

• Elevated driving speed.
• Environmental conditions such as cold or hot weather and wind.
• Using climate controls to heat or cool the cabin.
• Uphill travel: Driving uphill requires more energy and depletes range at a faster rate. However, driving downhill allows your vehicle to regain a portion of its expended energy through regenerative braking (see Regenerative Braking).
• Short trips or stop-and-go traffic: It takes energy to bring the cabin and Battery to a specified temperature when starting the vehicle. You may see a higher average consumption when the vehicle is used for very short trips or in heavy traffic.
• Heavy cargo load.
• Windows rolled down.
• Wheels and tires not maintained.
• Customized settings or third-party accessories (roof or trunk racks, third party wheels).

While parked and not plugged in to a charger:

• Preconditioning the cabin or using climate controls.
• Summon.
• Vehicle infotainment and climate controls system.
• Sentry mode.
• Tesla or third-party mobile app requests.

You can maximize your driving range using the same driving habits you use to conserve fuel in a gasoline-powered vehicle. To achieve maximum range:

• Slow down your driving and avoid frequent and rapid acceleration. Consider using Chill Mode (touch Controls > Pedals & Steering > Acceleration) and Speed Assist (see Speed Assist) to assist in controlling your acceleration and speed.
• If safe to do so, modulate the accelerator pedal instead of using the brake pedal when gradually slowing down. Whenever Model S is moving and you are not pressing the accelerator pedal, regenerative braking slows down the vehicle and feeds surplus energy back to the Battery (see Regenerative Braking).
• Limit the use of resources such as heating and air conditioning. Using seat and steering wheel heaters (if equipped) to keep warm is more efficient than heating the cabin using climate controls.
• With your vehicle plugged in, use the mobile app to precondition your vehicle to ensure the cabin is at a comfortable temperature and windows are defrosted (if needed) before your drive by touching Climate > On and customizing your preferences (see Mobile App).
• Touch Schedule, (also available on both the charging and climate control screens) to set a time when you want your vehicle to be ready to drive (see Scheduled Precondition and Charge).
• Set Stopping Mode to Hold to gain the benefit of regenerative braking at low driving speeds.
• Ensure the wheels are aligned to specification, the tires are kept at the recommended inflation pressures (see Tire Care and Maintenance), and are rotated when needed (see Maintenance Service Intervals).
• Lighten your load by removing any unnecessary cargo.
• Fully raise all windows.
• Turn on Range Mode, if equipped (see Range Mode).
• Features such as Sentry Mode and Cabin Overheat Protection can impact range. Disable features when not needed.
• To prevent an excessive amount of energy consumption while the vehicle is idle, keep the vehicle plugged in when not in use.

It is normal for estimated range to decrease slightly over the first few months before leveling off. Over time, you may see a gradual, but natural, decrease in range at full charge – this depends on factors such as the mileage and age of the Battery. Your Model S will inform you in the unlikely event a hardware issue is causing excessive Battery or range degradation.

The power meter on the instrument panel provides feedback on energy usage.

The driving range displayed in Model S is an estimate of the remaining battery energy based on EPA-rated consumption. It may not account for your personal driving patterns or external conditions. The displayed range on the instrument panel may decrease faster than the actual distance driven. To view estimated range based on your recent energy consumption, open the Energy app to display the graph.

Your vehicle continuously monitors its energy level and proximity to known charging locations.

Touch Chargers in the Navigation search bar to toggle between types of chargers, including Superchargers and destination charging sites.

When you are at risk of driving beyond the range of known charging locations, the touchscreen displays a message giving you the opportunity to display a list of charging locations that are within range. When you select a charging location from the list, Model S provides navigation instructions and the turn-by-turn direction list displays the predicted amount of energy that will remain when you arrive at the charging destination.

Trip Planner (if available in your market region) routes you through Supercharger locations to minimize the amount of time you spend charging and driving. To enable, touch Controls > Navigation > Trip Planner.

Use the Energy app to view real-time energy usage. The Consumption Chart displays how much energy Model S has consumed over the past 10, 25 or 50 km.

Touch Average Range to display a graph of the average energy consumed over the past 10, 25 or 50 km. The average range and the energy usage data are used to predict the projected range. Touch Instant Range to display a graph of the energy consumed over the last few data points only. The instant range and the energy usage data are used to calculate the projected range.

Range Mode (if equipped) conserves energy by limiting the power of the climate control system and turns off the signature lights. Turn Range Mode on by touching Controls > Driving > Range Mode.When turned on in an All-Wheel Drive vehicle, Range Mode also optimizes torque distribution between the motors to maximize range.

Model S has an energy-saving feature that reduces the amount of energy being consumed when Model S is not in use. On newer vehicles, this feature is automated to provide an optimal level of energy saving. However, on older vehicles, you can touch Controls > Display > Energy Saving and choose from the following options:

• OFF - Model S automatically shifts to the energy-saving mode only at night (10 pm to 5 am). Idle energy consumption may increase.
• ON - Significantly less energy is consumed whenever Model S is not in use. The start-up time of the instrument panel and Bluetooth could be slower.
• Always Connected - Preserves cellular connectivity when energy saving is active. This allows the mobile app to connect to Model S quicker, and provides immediate internet access when entering the car. Slightly more energy is consumed.